電磁式直(zhi)流電動機(ji)的主要性能特(te)點(dian)
電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)式直流電(dian)動機(ji)由定子磁(ci)(ci)極、轉子(電(dian)樞)、換(huan)向器(俗稱(cheng)整流子)、電(dian)刷、機(ji)殼、軸承等構成(cheng),
電(dian)磁(ci)(ci)式(shi)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)動機(ji)的定(ding)子(zi)磁(ci)(ci)極(主磁(ci)(ci)極)由(you)鐵(tie)心和勵磁(ci)(ci)繞(rao)組構成。根據其勵磁(ci)(ci)(舊標(biao)準稱為激(ji)磁(ci)(ci))方式(shi)的不(bu)同又可分為串勵直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)動機(ji)、并勵直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)動機(ji)、他(ta)勵直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)動機(ji)和復勵直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)動機(ji)。因(yin)勵磁(ci)(ci)方式(shi)不(bu)同,定(ding)子(zi)磁(ci)(ci)極磁(ci)(ci)通(tong)(由(you)定(ding)子(zi)磁(ci)(ci)極的勵磁(ci)(ci)線圈(quan)通(tong)電(dian)后(hou)產生(sheng))的規律也不(bu)同。
串(chuan)勵直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動機的(de)勵磁繞組(zu)與(yu)轉(zhuan)子繞組(zu)之間通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)刷和換(huan)向器相串(chuan)聯(lian),勵磁電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)成正比(bi),定子的(de)磁通(tong)量隨著勵磁電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)增(zeng)大(da)(da)而(er)增(zeng)大(da)(da),轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)近似與(yu)電(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)平(ping)方成正比(bi),轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)隨轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)或(huo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)增(zeng)加而(er)迅速(su)(su)下降。其起動轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)可達額(e)定轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)的(de)5倍以上(shang),短時(shi)間過(guo)載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)可達額(e)定轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)的(de)4倍以上(shang),轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)變化率較大(da)(da),空載轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)甚高(一(yi)般(ban)不允許(xu)其在空載下運行(xing))。可通(tong)過(guo)用外(wai)用電(dian)(dian)阻器與(yu)串(chuan)勵繞組(zu)串(chuan)聯(lian)(或(huo)并(bing)聯(lian))、或(huo)將(jiang)串(chuan)勵繞組(zu)并(bing)聯(lian)換(huan)接(jie)來實現調速(su)(su)。
并勵(li)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)勵(li)磁(ci)(ci)繞(rao)組與轉(zhuan)子繞(rao)組相并聯,其勵(li)磁(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)較(jiao)恒(heng)定(ding),起動(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)矩與電(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)成(cheng)正比,起動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)約(yue)為(wei)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)2.5倍左(zuo)右(you)。轉(zhuan)速(su)則隨電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)及轉(zhuan)矩的(de)(de)增大而略有(you)下降,短時過載轉(zhuan)矩為(wei)額定(ding)轉(zhuan)矩的(de)(de)1.5倍。轉(zhuan)速(su)變化(hua)率(lv)(lv)較(jiao)小(xiao),為(wei)5%~15%。可(ke)通過消弱磁(ci)(ci)場的(de)(de)恒(heng)功率(lv)(lv)來調(diao)速(su)。
他勵(li)直流電(dian)動機的勵(li)磁繞(rao)組(zu)接到(dao)獨立的勵(li)磁電(dian)源供電(dian),其勵(li)磁電(dian)流也較恒定,起動轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)與電(dian)樞電(dian)流成(cheng)正比。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速變化也為5%~15%。可以通(tong)過消弱磁場恒功率來提高轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速或通(tong)過降低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)的電(dian)壓來使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速降低(di)。
復勵(li)直流電動(dong)機的(de)(de)定子磁極上除(chu)有(you)(you)并勵(li)繞(rao)組(zu)外(wai),還裝有(you)(you)與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子繞(rao)組(zu)串(chuan)聯的(de)(de)串(chuan)勵(li)繞(rao)組(zu)(其(qi)匝數較少(shao))。串(chuan)聯繞(rao)組(zu)產生磁通的(de)(de)方向與主繞(rao)組(zu)的(de)(de)磁通方向相同,起動(dong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩約(yue)為額定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩的(de)(de)4倍左右(you),短(duan)時間過(guo)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩為額定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩的(de)(de)3.5倍左右(you)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)變化率為25%~30%(與串(chuan)聯繞(rao)組(zu)有(you)(you)關)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)可(ke)通過(guo)消弱磁場強度來調整。
換向(xiang)(xiang)器的換向(xiang)(xiang)片(pian)(pian)使用銀(yin)銅、鎘銅等合金材料,用高強(qiang)度塑料模壓成。電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)與換向(xiang)(xiang)器滑動接觸(chu),為轉子(zi)(zi)繞組提供電(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)流。電(dian)磁式直流電(dian)動機的電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)一般采用金屬(shu)石墨(mo)電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)或電(dian)化(hua)石墨(mo)電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)。轉子(zi)(zi)的鐵心(xin)采用硅(gui)鋼(gang)片(pian)(pian)疊壓而成,一般為12槽,內嵌12組電(dian)樞(shu)繞組,各繞組間串聯接后(hou),再分別與12片(pian)(pian)換向(xiang)(xiang)片(pian)(pian)連接。
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